Vim 学习笔记

A note about learning vim.

Chapter 1: The Vim Way

Tip 1: Meet the Dot Command

. is to repeat the last change

• The Dot Command is a Micro Macro.

Tip 2: Don’t Repeat Yourself

Move and use the dot command

• Reduce Extraneous Movement

Tip 3: Take One Step Back, Then Three Forward

• Make the change repeatable
• Make the motion repeatable
• All together

Tip 4: Act, Repeat, Reverse

Notice that many commands have its reversed form to themselves.
So you can undo almost everything.

Tip 5: Find and Replace by Hand

• Use :%s/content/copy/g to replace all in this file
  • Or use /content and . to replace one by one with your judgement.

Tip 6: Meet the Dot Formula

• One Keystroke to Move, One Keystroke to Execute.

Chapter 2: Normal Mode

Tip 7: Pause with Your Brush Off the Page

When you ask yourself whether you should enter the normal mode, then do it.

Tip 8: Chunk Your Undos

• u is the undo command.
  • u and <C-r> are relative commands.

Tip 9: Compose Repeatable Changes

• In a word, make your command repeatable as possible as you can,
  so when you find the next operator can be done by ., you`ll be happy.

Tip 10: Use Counts to Do Simple Arithmetic

• <C-a> and <C-x> perform addition and substraction on numbers.

Tip 11: Don’t Count If You Can Repeat

• You can use dw....... rather than d7w because you counting time are long.
  • Also, if you type dot one more time, you can type u to undo it easily.
• But you can use d7w to have a cleaner undo tree if you like counting.

Which to use is up to you.

Tip 12: Combine and Conquer

• Operator + Motion = Action
• Try to map your own keys

Chapter 3 Insert Mode

Tip 13: Make Corrections Instantly from Insert Mode

• <C-h> is the same as the <BS>
• <C-w> is the same as db
• <C-u> is the same as d^

Tip 14: Get Back to Normal Mode

• <C-[> is the same as <esc>
• <C-o> is to enter the insert normal mode.

Tip 15: Paste from a Register Without Leaving Insert Mode

• <C-r>{register} is to paste text from the register.
• In my opinion, it’s not better than <C-o>p

Tip 16: Do Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations in Place

• <C-r>={expression}<CR> can calculate the value of the expression.

Tip 17: Insert Unusual Characters by Character Code

• <C-v>{code} can insert some special characters.
  • To know more, see :h i_CTRL_V_digit for more details.
  • Also, you can use ga to know the code of the letter under the cursor.
  • <C-v><Tab> is to insert the tab rather than any spaces
    whether you use the expandtab option.

Tip 18: Insert Unusual Characters by Digraph

• <C_k>{char1}{char2} can type digraphs.
  • Use :digraph for more details.

Tip 19: Overwrite Existing Text with Replace Mode

• R is to enter the replace mode under the normal mode
• r{letter} is to replace the letter under the cursor with the {letter}.
• Overwrite Tab Characters with Virtual Replace Mode
  • If you didn’t set expandtab, replacing a tab means that
    replace many characters with one. (Many is due to the option tabstop.
  • Also you can use gR to avoid it, use gr similarly.

Chapter 4

Tip 20: Grok Visual Mode

• Use v to enter the visual mode.

• Most commands are the same as themselves in the normal mode.

  • The operator commands such as y, it needs you to confirm operation
    object such as iw, but in the visual mode, the operation object directly
    becomes the areas you have selected.

• Use <C-g> to enter the select mode, it is similar to the other editor.

  • When you type any printable letter, the area you have selected will be
    deleted and you will enter the insert mode with the letter printed.

Tip 21: Define a Visual Selection

• Use v to enter the character-wise visual mode.
• Use V to enter the line-wise visual mode.
• Use <C-v> to enter the block-wise visual mode.
• Use gv to reselect the last visual selection.

Also they can be use to change visual mode from the other visual mode.

• Use o to move to the other end of the selection.

Tip 22: Repeat Line-Wise Visual Commands

• . command in the visual mode is to reselect the last visual selection
  and do the same things such as indenting.

Tip 23: Prefer Operators to Visual Commands Where Possible

• You’d better use dot command in the normal mode so that it can be repeatable.

Tip 24: Edit Tabular Data with Visual-Block Mode

• Use <C-v> to add the | in the same column for many lines.
• Use V to change the whole line into - by r-

Tip 25: Change Columns of Text

• Return to the normal mode so that the change can be loaded.

Tip 26: Append After a Ragged Visual Block

• i and a have another meanings under the visual mode.
  We’ll expain it later.

Chapter 5: Command-Line Mode

Tip 27: Meet Vim’s Command Line

• See :h delete, :h yank, :h put, :h copy, :h move,
  :h join, :h normal, :h substitute, :h global for help.

Tip 28: Execute a Command on One or More Consecutive Lines

• See :h range, :h pattern, :h mark for help.

Tip 29: Duplicate or Move Lines Using ‘:t’ and ‘:m’ Commands

• :t is the same as :copy.

Tip 30: Run Normal Mode Commands Across a Range

• Use :normal to execute normal commands on the [range].

Tip 31: Repeat the Last Ex Command

• Use @: to execute the last ex command.
  • :bnext can jump to the next buffer, but <C-o> can jump to the last
    position of the cursor so that after using @: you can use it to reverse.
  • Also for :bprev and <C-i>.

Tip 32: Tab-Complete Your Ex Commands

• <C-d> can reveal the list of possible completions.

Tip 33: Insert the Current Word at the Command Prompt

• \* can find the next match for the word under the cursor.
• <C-r><C-w> can enter the word under the cursor in the command mode.

Tip 34: Recall Commands from History

• <Up> and <Down> can recall history commands.

• <C-p> and <C-n> can also do that.

  • But they have a disadvantage.
  • When you type :h and use the arrow keystroke, it will filter the commands
    you can try out.

• Use map to solve this problem.

map("c", "<C-p>", "<Up>", { noremap = true })
map("c", "<C-n>", "<Down>", { noremap = true })

• p: can call a window which can list the history of commands, you can use
  <CR> to execute the command under the cursor.

  • You can use any command in every mode, such as gather two lines divided by
    | and <CR> to execute.

• p/ call a window which list the search history.

• <C-f> in the command mode can do the same as p:.

Tip 35: Run Commands in the Shell

• :!{command} execute commands under the terminal

• :read !{command} paste the outputs of commands to this buffer.

• :write !{command} use the content of this buffer as the input of commands.

  • Notice: :write! {command} is different from the previous command,
    see :h write! for help.

• :[range]!{command} can execute commands specially for this [range].

• See :h ! for a convenient shortcut for setting the range.

Tip 36: Run Multiple Ex Commands as a Batch

• You can save a list of commands in a xxx.vim, and use :source xxx.vim to execute it.

• To files in :args, you can use :argdo source xxx.vim to execute every files.

Chapter 6: Manage Multiple Files

Tip 37: Track Open Files with the Buffer List

• When you execute nvim [filename], the nvim will creat a copy of this file.
  So what you do is on this copy, you can change the real file when you save it.

• You can use wildcards to edit files, for instance, nvim \*\.cpp

• Then use :ls to see all buffers,
  you can see a %a in front of your current buffer’s name.

• :bnext and :bprev can change the current buffer.

• :bfirst and :blast are easy to comprehense.

• <C-6>(<C-^>) can change to the buffer whose name has a # in front of itself.

Tip 38: Group Buffers into a Collection with the Argument List

• :args {lists} can add {lists} to populate argument lists.
• Use :args to print the argument list, with the current file in square brackets.

1. List every file’s name.
2. Use wildcards.

• * matches anything, including nothing
• ** matches anything, including nothing, recurses into directories

3. Use shell commands’ outputs.

• :args \cat filename.txt``

• Use arguments list rather than buffers.

Tip 39: Manage Hidden Files

• When a buffer is modified but not saved, :ls will show a + in front of this buffer.

• The letter before the buffers indicates status, a means active, h means hidden.

• If a hidden buffer isn’t be saved, quiting vim with :q is not allowed.

• After seeing the words, vim will load the first unsaved file when you use enter.

• Use :qa! can quit vim without saving changes.

• :first, :last, :next, :prev can jump to other files in the arguments.

Tip 40: Divide Your Workspace into Split Windows

• <C-w>s, <C-w>v can split a new window which has same height or width as the former window.

  • The new window will display the same buffer as previous window.
    • You can use :edit {filename} to edit a new file.
    • Also you can us :split {filename} or :vsp {filename} instead.

• <C-w>w will circle among opened windows.

• <C-w>h/l/j/k will jump to the h/l/j/k window.

• <C-w>c close the current window.

• <C-w>o close other windows.

• <C-w>= equalize width and height of all windows.

• <C-w>_ Maximize height of the active window.

• <C-w>| Maximize width of the active window.

• [N]<C-w>_ Set active window height to [N] rows.

• [N]<C-w>| Set active window width to [N] rows.

• You won’t resize windows at most time, so you can use mouse ultimately.

• See :h window-moving to know more about it.

Tip 41: Organize Your Window Layouts with Tab Pages

• Tab page can collect lots of windows, so you can open a new tab to do otherthings
  and you can come back when you want.

• lcd {path} can change working directory locally for the current window.
  So we can creat a new tab to edit a diffrent project such as your nvim config.

• :windo lcd {path} can change all windows’ directory to {path}.

• <C-w>T can move the current window to a new tab page.

• :tabedit {filename} can edit {filename} in a new tab page.

• :tabclose and :tabonly are similar to <C-w>c and <C-w>o.

Chapter 7: Open Files and Save Them to Disk

Tip 42: Open a File by Its Filepath Using ‘:edit’

• :pwd can show absolute path of the current file.

• We can use relative or absolute path after :edit.

• :edit %<Tab> can print absolute path of the current file from the directory
  which ordered by :lcd.

• :edit %:h<Tab> can print absolute path of the current file’s directory.

Tip 43: Open a File by Its Filename Using ‘:find’

• find {filename} can search {filename} in path. (Use <Tab> to autocomplete)
  • Path can be set by :set path = {path},{path},....(See :h path for help)
  • :set path+={path} can add {path} to the end of the former path.
    • :set path=./** so that every files under . will be included.

Tip 44: Explore the File System with netrw

• If you use NvimTree, netrw is always been banned.

Tip 45: Save Files to Nonexistent Directories

• <C-g> can show file’s path and other information.
• :!mkdir -p %:h can creat directories so that you can save.

Tip 46: Save a File as the Super User

• :w !sudo tee % > {path}

Chapter 8: Navigate Inside Files with Motions

Tip 47: Keep Your Fingers on the Home Row

• When you use three or more times h, you should consider how to optimize your operators.

Tip 48: Distinguish Between Real Lines and Display Lines

• j, k, l, h, $, ^, is used to move on real lines.
• gj, gk, gl, gh, g$, g^ is used to move on display lines.

Tip 49: Move Word-Wise

• See :h w, :h e, :h b, :h ge for help
• See :h W, :h E, :h B, :h gE for help

Tip 50: Find by Character

• See :h f,:h F,:h t,:h T,:h ,,:h ; for help

• Always use f/F in the normal mode and t/T under the operator-pending mode.

• Always find the letter with a low frequency of occurrence, this will make you faster.

Tip 51: Search to Navigate

• Use / to find patterns in this file so that you can move quickly.
• Use d/xxx to delete, it won’t delete the first letter of {pattern}, cool.

Tip 52: Trace Your Selection with Precision Text Objects

• See :h text-objects for help.

• Vim’s text-objects consist of two letters.

• ib is the same as i(, iB is the same as i{.

Text objects are the next level up. If the f{char} and /pattern commands
are like a flying kick to the head, then text objects are like a scissors kick
that strikes two targets with a single move.

It’s funny, haha.

Tip 53: Delete Around, or Change Inside

• Now we will discuss vim’s text-objects which interact with chunks of text.
  iw, iW, ip, is. A sentense.

• As usual, d{motion} command tends to work well with aw, as and ap.

• As usual, c{motion} command tends to work well with iw, is and ip.

Tip 54: Mark Your Place and Snap Back to It

• m{mark} can set a mark under the cursor.

• '{mark} can jump to the first non-whitespace character of the line which has mark.

• \{mark}` can jump to the marked position.

• Automatic Marks are useful, see h: mark for help.

Tip 55: Jump Between Matching Parentheses

• % can move between opening and closing pairs of parentheses,
  ans creat a mark call \``, so you can move back by ```.

• It is recommended to install surround plugin.

Chapter 9: Navigate Between Files with Jumps

Tip 56: Traverse the Jump List

• :jumps can show the jump list, these commands can be seen a jump.

  • Changing the active file for the current window.
  • Moving directly to a line number.
  • Sentense-wise and paragraph-wise motions.
  • Jumping to a mark.
  • Finding patterns.

• Use <C-i>, ‘’ can jump to the next and previous one in the jump list.

• Vim can maintain many jump list for each separate window.

• Note: <C-i> is the same as <Tab>, so if you map <Tab>, <C-i> will also be mapped.

Tip 57: Traverse the Change List

• :changes can show the change list.

  • u and <C-r> can undo and redo.
  • g; and g, can move the cursor to
    the previous and next position of changes in the change list.

• Use mark to jump:

  • . is the position of last change.
  • ^ is the position of the cursor the last time of quitting insert mode.

• gi is the same as '^i.

• Vim will maintain a change list to every buffer, it is diffrent from the jump list.

Tip 58: Jump to the Filename Under the Cursor

• gf can jump to the file under the cursor.
• :set suffixesadd+=.lua can ask vim to add the suffix to the filename when opening files.
• Combined with :set path, it will be useful.

Tip 59: Snap Between Files Using Global Marks

• m{letter} can creat a mark so you can jump back quickly.

  • Lowercase letters creat local marks.
  • Uppercase letters creat global marks.

• Remember to mark when you want to use any command that interact with the quickfix list.

Chapter 10: Copy and Paste.

Tip 60: Delete, Yank, and Put with Vim’s Unnamed Register

• Transposing Characters: xp
• Transposing Lines: ddp
• Duplicating Lines: yyp

Tip 61: Grok Vim’s Registers

• We can specify which register we want to use by prefixing the command with "{register}.

  • Commands can be delete, yank and put.

• There is a special register called black hole which will truely delete something.

  • "_d can do that.

• "a is a named register, there are 26 registers to use, they work respectively.

• "" is a unnamed register, which commands set contents of.

• The Yank Register ("0) is only written when you use y, also the contents will be
  copied to the register "".

• "= register is the expression register, when you use it, you will be orderd to
  type expression under the command mode and it will use the result of your expression.

• "% Name of the current file

• "# Name of the alternate file

• ". Last inserted text

• ": Last Ex command

• "/ Last search pattern

Tip 62: Replace a Visual Selection with a Register

• When you are in the visual mode, p is to replace the selection
  with the contents of the specified register

• You can change two blocks of text.

  • Delete one block, select the other block and p, go back to p one more.
  • You can use mark to quickly go back.

Tip 63: Paste from a Register

• 当你使用 yy 等面向行的操作时, vim 将会创建面向行的寄存器.

• 当你使用面向字符或者单词的操作时, vim 将会创建面向字符的寄存器.

• 面向字符的粘贴: 由于 p 和 P 的区别, 考虑粘贴在光标前后令人烦躁, 故在插入模式下使用 <C-r>0.

• 面向行的粘贴: p 和 P 会把他们粘贴到当前行之前或者之后, 同时光标落在粘贴部分的开头.

  • gp 和 gP 作用同上, 但是光标会在粘贴部分的末尾

Tip 64: 与系统剪贴板交互

• 请使用 "+ 寄存器来与系统剪贴板进行交互.

Chapter 10: 宏

起步

• :q 退出, :q! 不保存强制退出

• :w 保存, :w file.txt 保存新建的文件并命名

• :h 帮助, :h write-quit 查看特定命令的帮助

• nvim file.txt 打开文件, nvim file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt

nvim 在不同 buffer 中打开文件

• nvim --version 查看版本, :version 在 vim 内查看版本
• nvim +{cmd} file.txt 打开文件后立即执行 {cmd}

可使用 nvim +{cmd1} +{cmd2} file.txt 执行多个命令
nvim -c {cmd} 也有相同效果

• nvim -o2 打开两个水平分隔窗口

• nvim -o5 file1.txt file2.txt 五个水平分隔的窗口并在前两个显示 file1.txt 和 file2.txt

• nvim -O2 打开两个垂直分隔窗口

• <C-z> 用来挂起 nvim, 使用 fg 返回 nvim

:suspend 和 :stop 和 <C-z> 有相同效果

Buffers

• :buffers 查看所有 buffer

:ls 和 :files 有相同作用

• :bn 跳转到下一个 buffer, :bp 跳转到上一个 buffer

• :b <filename> 跳转到特定文件, :b n 跳转到第n个 buffer

• <C-o> 跳转到跳转列表中旧位置, <C-i> 跳转到跳转列表新位置, <C-^> 跳转到先前编辑的 buffer

• :bd 删除当前 buffer, :bd n, :bd <filename> 删除特定 buffer

• :qa 退出全部 buffer, :wa 保存所有 buffer, :qa! 强制退出所有 buffer

Windows

• :sp <filename> 水平分割窗口, 并在新窗口打开文件

<C-w> s 打开一个水平分割的窗口

• :vsp <filename> 垂直分割窗口, 并在新窗口打开文件

<C-w> v 打开一个垂直分割的窗口

• :new <filename> 创建新窗口并打开文件

• <C-w>j 移动到下方窗口, hkl 同理

• :buffer <buffername> 使当前窗口显示此 buffer

• :q 关闭当前窗口, <C-w> c 关闭当前窗口, <C-w> o 关闭除当前窗口的其他窗口

Tabs

• :tabnew <filename> 新 tab
• :tabclose 关闭 tab
• :tabnext 下一个, :tabprevious 上一个, :tablast 最后一个, :tabfirst 第一个
• nvim -p file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt 在多个 tab 中打开文件